Agile And Software Architecture . Marching Together ..

Agile and Software Architecture Marching Together Sujatha Dantuluri Software Architecture Karsun Solutions LLC Herndon, USA Abstract—Notion of faster to market and changing rapidly to the demands of the market has given a boost to Agile. Agile promotes iterative delivery and design as we go because of which many organizations are having tough time implementing proper architecture and developers are doing architecture as they go into their iterations. Without proper architecture, we will create silos and redundant artifacts and this may lead to lack of scalability, interoperability and performance. Architecture improves software quality and Agile enhances productivity. This paper addresses this issue and finds out a way where we†¦show more content†¦Zachman framework is used to derive the architecture artifacts and Togaf is used to define architecture processes which fit the agile methodology. II. DEFINITIONS A. Agile â€Å"Agile Software Development is an umbrella term for a set of methods and practices based on the values and principles expressed in the Agile Manifesto. Solutions evolve through collaboration between self-organizing, cross-functional teams utilizing the appropriate practices for their context† (Agile Alliance, 2015). â€Å"Agile Manifesto defines the importance of †¢ Individuals and interactions over processes and tools †¢ Working software over comprehensive documentation †¢ Customer collaboration over contract negotiation †¢ Responding to change over following a plan† (Agile Alliance, 2015) Scrum, Kanban, XP are some of the methodologies used to develop the software form the Agile.. B. Enterprise Architecture â€Å"An architecture is defined as system fundamental concepts or properties of a system in its environment embodied in its elements, relationships, and in the principles of its design and evolution† (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010, 2011) It is important to have architecture defined for an organization so that we can produce repeatable quality products and to ensure we meet the scalability, interoperability, security and compliance factors derived from non-functional requirements of the project. As stated by Togaf documentation, Architecture is classified as †¢Show MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesresponses (.2–.1.2) 11.6 Risk register 7.1.2.5 PERT analysis 7.1.2.6.3 Contingency reserves 7.3.3.4 Change control management G.7 Culture awareness 1.4.4 Project offices 8.1.2 Continuous improvement 5.1 Requirements vs. actual [5.3] Chapter 17 Agile PM 6.1.2.2 Rolling wave This page intentionally left blank Project Management The Managerial Process The McGraw-Hill/Irwin Series Operations and Decision Sciences OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Beckman and Rosenfield, Operations, Strategy:Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesdiscussion and not as an illustration of either good or bad management practice. They are not intended to be a comprehensive collection of teaching material. They have been chosen (or speciï ¬ cally written) to provide readers with a core of cases which, together, cover most of the main issues in the text. As such, they should provide a useful backbone to a programme of study but could sensibly be supplemented by other material. We have provided a mixture of longer and shorter cases to increase the ï ¬â€šexibility

Analysis Of Silko s Yellow Woman And Walker s Everyday Use

Heritage Have you ever been at Christmas dinner and you were so interested and intrigued by your grandmother s story that you wish you could place yourself in her shoes right then and there? Well these two stories that I am going to analyze will do just that. I will prove that Silko’s Yellow Woman and Walker’s Everyday Use are inherently drawn to traditions of the past. First, I will show how identity is a common factor in both stories and plays such a large role in connecting the main characters and their past traditions. Second, I will illustrate how both stories are linked to symbolism, which will give proof to my claim that they are inherently drawn to their past traditions. Finally, I will show that the use of irony plays a part in†¦show more content†¦An interesting note which I will bring up later to give proof to my claim, is that when Walker was 8 years old, she was shot in the eye with a BB gun. After the incident, she became very self-conscience and felt like she did not fit in with the world around her. This helped her find her calling in writing. As I noted in my thesis, I believe identity plays a very significant role in both of these short stories. Specifically, I believe identity is the primary theme which inherently draws the characters in these stories to traditions of their past. In Silko’s Yellow Woman, identity was the main internal conflict for the â€Å"yellow woman.† From the story we know that the yellow woman was a daughter, mother, and a wife. In addition, we see that the yellow woman makes references to the stories that her grandfather used to tell her. This clearly illustrates that her heritage, culture, and family play a huge role in her life. For example: â€Å"My old grandpa liked to tell those stories best. There is one about Badger and Coyote who went hunting and were gone all day, and when the sun was going down they found a house. There was a girl living there alone and she had light hair and eyes and she told them they could sleep with her. Coyote wanted to be with her all night so he sent Badger into a prairie-dog hole, telling him he thought he seen something in it. As soon as Badger crawled in, Coyote blocked

Latin America Essay Example For Students

Latin America Essay In attempting to establish the current state of development in Latin America,historical chronology serves as the foundation necessary for a comprehensivelylogical position. Latin American development has evolved in distinct phases,which lead to the present day standings of the politics and peoples throughoutthe region. The culmination of distinct historical attributes: conquest,colonialism, mercantilism, captalism, industrialism, and globalism, serve as thedevelopmental path from the past, to allow an understanding of the current stateof development. In overview of this, as perceived by Latin American governments,the four primary areas of concern as reported from the 1994, Summit of theAmericas held by heads of 34 countries, were as follows: (1) preserving andstrengthening the community of democracies of the Americas, (2) free trade areaof the Americas (FTAA), (3) eradicating poverty and discrimination in thehemisphere, (4) education (Americas Net). Each issue examined by members of thesummit involves aspects of politics and economics. The desired changes in LatinAmerican society can be shown connected to these two subject areas, as held byauthors Skidmore and Smith, From modernization theory we take the casualpremise that economic transformations induce social changes which, in turn, havepolitical consequences.(Skidmore and Smith, 10) The understanding ofhistorical background, an awareness of current political goals, and theincorporation of modern political and social theory allow an increasinglyaccurate depiction of the state of development in Latin America to beconstructed. Development, largely defined as bringing to a more advanced oreffective state, stands often as the product of the successful management andcollaboration of economic, social, and political areas. The current state ofdevelopment should therefore gauge todays level of success in creating a moreadvanced and effective state. In considering these criteria, development inLatin America may best b e described as progressively transitional, continuallyimproving, yet still lacking stability and permanence in structure. Thisapparent lack is causing disfunctionalism of governmental bodies to besuccessfully consistent in altering the povertized sectors of society. Theultimate pattern perpetuates the social stratifications of Latin America, whichonly continue to erode the workings of development at large. To break such acycle, successful structural functionalism under governments of stability andpermanence must be achieved. Economics: Economics holds key importance in anarray of political and social workings in all areas of the world. The factormaking this sector a central component in successful development is thateconomics often serves as the catalyst between developmental areas. Even inbasic terms as proposed in the modernization theory employed by authors Skidmoreand Smith, economics alters the society, and this in turn will play a crucialfactor in political outcomes, Latin Ame rica has occupied an essentiallysubordinate or dependent position, pursuing economic paths that have beenlargely shaped by the industrial powers of Europe and the United States. Theseeconomic developments have brought about transitions in the social order andclass structure, and these changes in turn have crucially affected politicalchange.(Skidmore and Smith, 42) Keeping this in mind, one applies thisbackground knowledge to the region of Latin America. Historically, the marketsand economies of Latin America have functioned with near absolute dependence onthe needs and conditions of foreign markets. Largely, this economic relationshipis referred to as dependency theory. This dependence was instilled from theincipient colonization efforts of Spain and Portugal, which operated on themonarchial duty of mercantilism; all efforts were done in honor of the mothercountry alone. With the fall of colonialism and the onset of independentgovernment, two major transitions occurred. First, the n ewly independentgovernments advanced peoples of European blood and descent into the majority ofpolitical positions and a new upper class was established, Given these neweconomic incentives, landowners and property owners were no longer content torun subsistence operations on their haciendas; instead they sought opportunitiesand maximized profits (S+S, 45); this would later affect economics, politicsand society as a whole. Second, entry into a development period attempting a newmodel of growth, focused primarily upon the creation and balance of imports andexports. The outcomes of this period varied for different countries of LatinAmerica, mainly dependent upon the resources found inside their borders and thedesire of the outside world to invest within. Investment served as both thepromise and poison of this period. With the Industrial Revolution alteringproduction priorities around the world, less developed areas were sought to actas a production center of natural and raw materials, Between 1870 and 1913the value of Britains investments in Latin America went from 85 millionpounds sterling to 757 million pounds in 1913 an increase of almost ninefoldin four decades. (S+S, 43) The importance of this transition is found in thefact that investment in Latin America was made only to develop industry, whichproduced raw materials necessary to fuel the industrial revolution in Europe andthe United States. The next phase of economic development was spurred primarilyby the Great Depression, and two World Wars. What both of these eventsdemonstrated was that if Latin America continued economic dependence to such anextreme upon foreign markets then internal unrest would be felt by everyexternal, international unrest. For young markets and weak governments, such anoutlook could not be considered. Thus, a major economic trend developed underthe encompassing title of primary product import substitution, which inresponse to these realizations encouraged the creation and promotion of nationalindustry. To redirect market sectors toward the production of finished products,not merely raw materials, as previously produced, By producing industrial aswell as agricultural and mineral goods, the Latin American economies wouldbecome more integrated and self-sufficient. And, as a result, they would be lessvulnerable to the kinds of shocks brought on by the worldwide depression. (S+S,53) The final phase, following generalized periods of success and growth lead tothe inevitable realization that the world market was becoming exponentiallyimbalanced. Impracticalities in the idea of Latin America becoming a worldtrading partner of finished goods soon showed themselves as unemployment beganto rise from less demand on manual labor and wages failed to rise with prices onthe world market of more highly industrialized countries. Beyond wages howeverwas the more important loss of purchasing power from their goods, Over time,the world market prices of Latin Americas principal exp orts underwent asteady decline in purchasing power. (S+S, 56) For the same amount of productsused in the past, less capital goods were being purchased. This marked the pointof entry for many countries into failing economies and debt. Governments, indesperation, were at a point of decision, and the new answer came in the formof, debt-lead growth and corporatism. Simultaneously, there was an internationaltrend of opening markets to practices of free trade. As governmentsde-nationalized industry and took on increased loans from the IMF and WorldBank, inflation ensued throughout the economy, Between 1970 and 1980 LatinAmerica increased its external debt from $27 billion to $231 billion, withannual debt-service payments (interest plus amortization) of $18 billion. (S+S,58) In exchange for debt relief, the IMF imposed restrictions on Latin Americaneconomies, which were largely termed as structural adjustments. Thesepractices were being followed at first, yet the initial periods of time pr ovedto burden primarily the lower classes and by-pass the elites, whose prosperitywas secured outside of the countrys direct economy. The long-term result ofeconomic reform has been the lowering of inflation, Excluding Brazil, averageinflation throughout the region dropped from 130 percent in 1989 to 14 percentin 1994. (S+S, 60) Brazil Brazil did not heed the advice of the IMF and didnot choose to undergo the stringent economic reforms of the 1970s and 80s. Although the generalized trend was a lowering of deflation in the 1990s,Brazil fell short from that scenario and inflation soared. As reported bySkidmore and Smith, the rate of inflation found in 1993 was 2490 percentannually. In that same year a new finance minister was named, Fernando Cardoso,with his title came a $122 billion foreign debt. (My Brazil) In 1994, a newanti-inflation program was developed and this began to show results. Entitled,the Real Plan, its stringent economic reforms lead to improvements,consumer prices increased by 2% in 1998 compared to more than 1,000% in1994.(CIA World Fact Book) After initial improvements, Brazil became a victimof the 1998 world economic crisis, which began in Asia, spread to Russia andfrom there hit Brazil. Due to these pressures placed on the Brazilian currency,interest rates were hiked 50%, and according to the CIA, investment fled thecountry, Approximately $30 billion in capital left the country in August andSeptember.(CIA World Fact B ook) After receiving $41.5 billion in relief fromthe IMF, Brazil entered a new phase of economic reform to incorporate both adevaluation of the currency and a free floating exchange rate, On 13 January1999, Central Bank officials announced a one-time 8% devaluation of the real,and on 15 January 1999, the currency was declared to be freely floating. Theimmediate results from this are unable to be realized at such an early stage,yet companies are leaving neighboring nations and heading for Brazil due to theBrazilian devaluation, as reported in a recent Business Week article, The 35% slide of the Brazilian real against the Argentine peso is luring onemanufacturer after another north to Brazil.(Business Week)The currentgovernment under Cardoso can only speculate the outcome for now. Cuba Cuba hasserved as a classic example of the problems and downfalls of a dependent marketsystem. The main commodity produced worldwide by Cuba is sugar, and being aprimary product, the price fluctuates in ternationally. Beyond traditionalfactors that play into the economy of Cuba, one had remained fairly consistentover the last two decades until 1992, when the collapse of the Soviet Unionended any allied funding toward Cuba, By 1992 all Russian Economic andmilitary aid was gone. Oil shipments fell 86 percent from 1989 to 1992, whilefood imports dropped 42 percent in almost the same period. (S+S, 291). And,as reported by the CIA, Havana announced in 1995 that GDP declined by 35%during 1989-93, the result of lost Soviet aid and domestic inefficiencies. Julius Ceaser: Brutus Character Analysis Essay(Elections in Argentina) Chile Chile mirrors the haunting past of Argentina, asformer criminal acts are now on the forefront of the modern political agenda. Only since the nineties has Chile consistently begun to follow democraticprocedure. This procedure has of course, included investigations of past humanrights abuses. The source of the conflict has most often come down to a singleman, Pinochet. The role of the military in the Chilean government is stillheavily felt in many sectors of government, most notably the judiciary; thus thestruggle continues to design democracy amidst military tradition, precedence,and pressure. These pressures overall are beast summed up by Skidmore and Smith,Chiles newly restored democracy also faced formidable obstacle: anever-alert army still headed by an unrepentant Pinochet, a pro-militaryjudiciary, a rightist-dominated Senate, sporadic terrorism from left and right,and the explosive issue of what to do about past human rights abuses withits potential to ignite civilian-military conflict.(S+S,145) The presidentialelection of 1993 brought victory to Eduardo Frei, the son of a former ChileanPresident. The economic security and growth felt throughout the Chilean economyduring the nineties was a stabilizing effect upon government as well. Theelections held in December and Jamuary of this year introduced candidate Escobarto the presidency (Elections in Chile). Escobar ran on a platform to decreasegovernmental intervention in economics and increase focus and spending on publicworks. This marks a notable transition from past military rigidness faced bybusinesses and industry. Poverty: Stemming from the dependencia theory,the source of poverty throughout Latin America might possibly be postulated inany number of manners. The fact remains that at some point a world based totallyon agrarian and manual labor, was altered by the industrial revolution. LatinAmerica was certainly chosen to be the warehouse of supplies and materials, notthe boutique boasting finished products. Once an economic cycle begins, itbecomes difficult to alter; many years later, international powers havefaithfully held t he same positions, including Latin America. The fate of thirdworld is largely determined by a lack of economic opportunity, which many mightcontend is ultimately inaccessible due to a lack of education. Mexico With apopulation of 85 million people, Mexico boasts one of the largest citizenries,yet also one of the lower standards of living.(S+S, 4) Together, high numbers ofpeople, with low standards of living, has made Mexico a country plagued withpoverty, and with that, higher rates of crime. The mid nineties brought furthereconomic crisis to Mexico as NAFTA had unpredictable effects on the Mexicaneconomy, Fearful of the overvaluation of the peso, investors withdrew morethan $10 billion from Mexico within a week. (S+S, 261) This of course led theUS to create an emergency aid package, necessary to prevent default on Mexicandebts. The ultimate concern has and continues to be the direct connectionbetween market conditions and the welfare of people at large, which only showsgrim results for now, Between 1963 and 1981, according to one study, theproportion of Mexicans below the poverty line dropped from 77.5 to 48.5 percent;but from 1982 to 1992, under the pro-market reforms, it rose again to 66percent. (S+S, 262) Haiti Considered to be the poorest country in the Westernhemisphere, Haiti serves as the ultimate of lowered living standards, With apopulation of about 6.7 million, Haiti has a per capita income of approximately$370. (S+S, 301) Originally colonized by the French, Haitian slave labor fromAfrica eventually took over government. Following a political history ofviolence and rebellion, Haiti still remains on the outer edges of politicalstability. Aid amounts given to Haiti are high, yet the actual dispersion ofthese funds is halted often if the government shows signs of internal fracturingor corruption. Here is a list of aid currently being given to Haiti: UnitedStates $458 million European Union $467 million Canada $133 million France $121million Germany $76 million Japan $28 million Switzerland $20 million Holland$12 million Other $140 million Multilateral Inter-American Dev. Bank $761million World Bank (International Dev. Association) $377 million InternationalMonetary Fund $131 million U.N. Dev. Program $38 million Other U.N. $50 million$2.8 billion (Center for International Policy) Education: Education is able tobe shown in direct correlation to ones standard of living and thus, thisbecomes a central issue on both the political and social agendas of LatinAmerica. The low budgets of Latin American governments often leave public works,including education, on the bottom rung of priorities. Money is needed toattempt to solve problems caused ultimately by a lack of education, instead ofbeing spent on education itself, thus this creates a problem of a selfperpetuating nature. Only in the twentieth century has this cycle of poverty anddependence been actively pursued by increasing the quality and standards ofeducation, and political activi sm has been a central mode through which suchchanges might be made. Peru Peru is highlighted under education to understandthe multi-facted uses of education in Latin America. Far from traditionaleducational institutions, agrarian education as well as environmental educationhas a far more valuable impact in these countries. Perumujer is an NGO,which spreads literacy throughout farming regions, yet more importantly, addscomponents of conservancy and ecological education which not only allow thePeruvians to farm more efficiently, yet bring higher yields of food usingsmaller land area. Many of the storms throughout Latin America cause mudslides,which kill thousands each year; most often this is due to barren hillsides,which have been inappropriately farmed. Education in many countries focuses onapplicable and pertinent living skills and this can make an impact withunlimited benefits. Costa Rica This island country is one general exception tothe trends of education in Latin America and t hus is used as an example ofpossible success in the educational sector. Over the last ten years, Costa Ricahas boasted a 93% literacy rating, far above the averages held by many tropicalneighbors.(Info Costa Rica.com) This exists as the most literate population inCentral America. In 1869 the Costa Rican government, having generated large sumsof wealth from the coffee industry made education mandatory and free. Thenhaving one the lower literacy rates, one in ten could read and write; Costa Ricasets an uplifting trend that has developed over time. Not having a universityuntil 1940, Costa Rica now proudly has four such places of study and continuesto devote more money toward education annually. Students, under PresidentFigueres, are now required to take English, tying Costa Rica more closely intothe new economy and increasing success for tourism. (Info Costa Rica.com) In ananalysis of the structures in place in the areas of economics, politics, povertyreduction, and education, one sees that the state of development in LatinAmerica is not neglected for sure-sighted tactics are consistently beingemployed. The point of interest is that within all of these categories, mostpolitical stability has not fully developed until the onset of the final decadeof the twentieth century. Development in Latin America is a priority andexamples of successes are amply available, even in the midst of setbacks. Insummation, the development of Latin America is progressively transitional. Withtime, continued effort, and constant pursuit of democratic principles, thedevelopment of Latin America will succeed. BibliographyElections in Argentina by Wilfried Dirksen, 2000 http://www.agora.stm.it/elections/election/argentina.htmMy Brazil by Sergio Koreisha, 1997 http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~sergiok/brasil.htmlCIA World Fact Book: Brazil, 2000 http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/br.html#econCIA World Fact Book: Cuba, 2000 http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/cu.htmlBusiness Week (International Edition), January 17, 2000 Adios, Argentina Companies are Leaving for Brazil. Elections in Chile by Wilfried Dirksen,2000 http://www.agora.stm.it/elections/election/chile.htm Center forInternational Policy; Haiti: Democrats vs. Democracy by Robert E. White http://www.us.net/cip/democrac.htmPeru Mujer: Peruvian Literacy project http://www.literacyonline.org/explorer/peru_over.htmlInfo Costa Rica.com: Overview, Education http://www.infocostarica.com/education/general.htmlPolitics

Leukemia Essays (2428 words) - Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Leukemia, RTT

Leukemia According to the Cancer Book from the American Cancer Society, Leukemia is a cancer of the blood. It was first identified as a new disease in around 1830 in Germany. The scientific term, leukemia, comes from the Greek words that mean white blood. The disease is described as a cancerous disorder not just of the blood itself, but also of the organs that produce the blood cells in the body. The organs are mainly the bone marrow and the lymph system, where normal red and white cells, lymph cells, and platelets grow before entering the bloodstream. Normal cells usually go through the same process but with differences in rate, number, and function ability. With the disease, the bone marrow will not be able to produce the sufficient levels of red blood cells and platelets, while the white blood cells will produce so rapidly that the cells will not become mature enough to fight off infections. As the disease progresses, the whole blood system will become useless due to the vast amount of imm ature cells produced. If a person with the disease is not treated, there will be excessive bleeding and infections until the body reaches the point where it becomes defenseless. The body will make minor injury or infection very serious. Leukemia itself does not always kill people. Instead, people die from infections such as small virus or bacteria because there are not enough normal white blood cells in the body. Also, people could die form internal bleeding, which could have been prevented by the platelets. Leukemia appears more commonly in adults then children. A survey in 1989 stated that approximately 25,000 new cases of the disease are diagnosed annually in the United States, 22,500 of them are adults and only 2,500 are children. It also shows that men are affected by leukemia 30 percent more frequently than women. Ten years ago, about 17,000 people die from the disease each year. Many of the advanced industrial nations have increased the study of leukemia since the 1930s. In the Personal Health Report, the information stated that there are two major types are leukemia: Lymphocytic leukemia which involves lymphoid committed cells which form and mature in the lymphatic system, and granulocytic leukemia which affects myeloid committed cells which form and mature in the bone marrow (355). Each of the two types can occur in either acute or chronic form. Acute form usually affects young cells that are still in the process of growing; they can divide very quickly and may speed the progress of the disease. The chronic form involves the mature cells that reproduce in a low rate or the ones that have stopped dividing. According to the Home Medical Guide, acute lymphocytic leukemia is most commonly seen in children between the age of two and nine. In this type of leukemia, males are affected more frequently than females. Before treatment was available, the average survival rate is only 5 to 6 months. As treatment developed, more then 95 percent of all children are putted into complete remission. Both adult and childhood disease can be cured in around four years, and the therapy can be discontinued. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most common form of cancer found in the industrialized countries. Like acute lymphocytic, it occurs more frequently in males then in females. The patients that are affected by chronic lymphocytic leukemia are usually older then any other patients with different types of leukemia. The cause of this specific type of disease is still unknown: Strong evidence points to problems of function and control in the immune system diagnosis is very often discovered by accident in the course of routine blood testing for other medical reasons, since fully 25 to 30 percent of newly diagnosed patients have no symptoms?the degree of bone marrow infiltration by small lymphocytes is a much more accurate sign of degree of disease. (452) According to the Home Medical Guide, acute granulocytic leukemia usually occur in older ages: The typical patient is thirty to sixty years old, the frequency of the disease increasing with age. The natural course of untreated this disease leads to an average survival of only two to five months (451). With chemotherapy, the survival rate can be lengthened to

Zara analysis free essay sample

ZARA is one of the trendy garment retailers as an important brand in portfolio of Inditex. With development of technology and extension of market, ZARA has expanded to over 1,500 stores in 44 countries, since founded at a Spanish town called La Coruna in 1975. In internationalization process, Zara employed various retailer formats, especially online shops, to complement weakness in traditional in-store purchase. Moreover, current development status of e-tailling is attractive for Zara to entry when facing increasingly fierce competition. Apparently, this â€Å"clicks-and-bricks† approach makes sense to some degree. This article demonstrates rationale why ZARA launched online store by combining academic theories with situational audits. Furthermore, it proposes several recommendations to optimize current online retailing. Obviously, it is meaningful to research Zara which is a leader in textile retailer. As one of biggest garment retailer, its behaviour sets an example for other rivals, even brings a new model for this industry in further development. We will write a custom essay sample on Zara analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Owing to stimulus from success of Zara, resource allocation or even industrial structure might be recombined. On the other hand, it proposes a new purchase belief or lifestyle, which should be suitable to several time-pressured consumers. Therefore, rationale why wither choose this articles is apparent based on contextual statements. 2. Zara has been landing in online retailing After success of online retailing store in Spain, trendy fashion retailer Zara planed to install web store in France, Italy, Portugal and the UK, in 2010 September. Until to 2011, Zara boasted it had extended its online presence to customers in more than sixteen European countries, Japan and US. Rationale for e-tailing uses in European countries Zara has expanded European market via building online channel. In following essay, it would analyse what and how variables entice Zara’s practice by integrating academic knowledge and situational analysis. 2. 1. 1 Superiority of internet retailing With popularization of computer science in society, net accessed by personal computer has being accepted as a professional and interactive mainstream intermediary. For several social departments, searching information through internet has been regarded as a habit in daily life. Virtual shop owes its inherent advantages compared to other retailing classes in following aspects (Rosemary Mohammed, 2004): The most prominent characteristic of e-tailing retailer is selling via network instead of entity store, which is beneficial to decrease dependence on specific location. As a manner to approach sophisticated retailer that may be geographically distant to customer, net helps virtual retailers to communicate with consumers and cover wider target market by providing home shopping service. Unlike store-based retailers, it is unnecessary for sellers to possess physical space for inventory or exhibition. Internet is adopted as a display platform and transaction mechanism, namely delivery commodity directly after completed transaction. It reduces operating costs to a great extent if deducting rental fees, operational expenditure and relatively higher labour salaries. As previous empirical research showed, average transaction cost is around $15 per transaction in traditional retailing compared to approximately $0. 3 in virtual resale (Philipps et al. , 1997). This huge difference between costs induces retailer join in virtual retailing markets extremely. In comparison to catalogue retailer, internet dealer also holds own advantages. On the one hand, expense in producing and distributing catalogue is much higher and information cannot be updated promptly on catalogue. On the other hand, online shop display merchandise without upper restriction on size of catalogue or quantity of product represented. .Considering its social influence, e-tailing impels a new home-shopping device, capacitating time-pressured and less flexible consumers to purchase regardless of limitation on shop business hours. Moreover, it also implies that clients can eliminate time spending in visiting shops or waiting in  queue, which is the most boring part in shopping. Besides enlarging target market, it also proposes a fashionable shopping belief which is popular among young people. 2. 1. 2 Situational audits Zara undertake online retailing in European countries according to comparative environment and own marketing strategy except for advantages of e-tailing. The following part reveals how Inditex draft development device according to specific situation. Firstly, recent years witnessed a rapid rise in online retailing sales; namely, the significance of web store use is displayed among retail sector gradually. As facts demonstrated by U. S. Census Bureau, online quarterly sales increased stably at 28% from 2000 to 2007. In the duration, the average growth rate of total retail sales only made up 4. 5% (U. S. Census Bureau, 2007). With popularization of internet use, a growing number of net users create niche market in retailing industry, who becomes potential consumer. Concededly, it holds enormous growth potential although online transactions only generate a small portion of total retail sales. Therefore, Zara intend to seize the opportunity to reach expanded target market. Secondly, biggest rivals have launched and succeeded in virtual store in succession. On the one hands, as Jeremy demonstrates, brand that has not referred to online presence suffers a huge threat from competitors’ dramatic increase in online turnover. Obviously, rivals’ aggressive expansion in online market creates a threat to Zara’s sales. In order to maintain even enlarge market share, Zara participates in online retailing competition under compulsion. On the other hand, competitor’s success strengthens Zara’s confidence in web retailing. Meanwhile, it also offers a model used on guide strategy implement on internet. Facing increasingly fierce competition, hence Zara plan to occupy virtual market via installing online shops as soon as possible. Thirdly, online retailing complements in-store selling profitably. Online stores will comfortably supplement its extensive store estate by means of providing extra service to consumer, especially dispelling restriction on time and space. Moreover, Zara’s entry to the online retail has opened access to an enormous source of data that can be collected and analyzed to improve corporate business strategy and marketing device in further development. The gathered massages can be used for designing and executing Zara’s own marketing initiatives, such as direct mailing (n. a. , 2012). Finally, characteristics of e-tailing correspond with its marketing strategy. Zara  has adopted pattern  that manufacture and replenish constant new products in invasive price to develop curiosity and make it indispensable for a regular visit simultaneously. E-tailing can lessen expenditure on store operation efficiently and thereby decrease costs which is closely linked with price. Meanwhile, virtual shops renew catalogue in time that satisfy needs of fast fashion industry. Furthermore, most internet shoppers are in 20 to 30 years old, which is coincidence with target market of Zara. Considering realistic significance of virtual retailing, it is reasonable for Zara’s entry. 2. 2 Recommendation for virtual retailing in further development Until now, Zara’s website has been built, which installed online interactions between seller and buyer ranging from the point customers visit in retailer’s web to the point retailers fulfill consumer order (Field et al. , 2004 and Smith et al, 2007). During whole process, Zara has formulated a series of management measures to control performance in e-tailing. In the first place, it matches online price to those in physical store across each country. In term of payment approach, this transactional website accepts lump-sum payment by credit cards or debit card. Secondly, there is no charge for shoppers to delivery merchandise when they purchase at Zara online store. Furthermore, consumer also can require delivery channel by express courier or regular post according to their situation. Thirdly, e-store is constantly renewed by updated items when entity shops exhibit new arrivals. Finally, this web offers same exchanges and returns policy as in physical store. That superior after-sales service lifts customers’ worries to some degree (Susan, 2011). However, besides previous efforts, Zara is required to make a progress in following areas for the sake of perfecting online retailing (Alba et al. , 1997). Recommending related merchandise Unlike traditional in-store retailing, electronic sellers facilitate one-stop shopping and enhance service quality via offering various complementary products. Relying on personalization technologies, retailers provide customized features online, namely complex catalog navigation and tailoring of the purchase process (Kramer. et.al. , 2010). For example, customer is provided with recommendations of products that the customer might be interested in, based on the product searched for or those previously bought by the customer. Given this popular marketing approach, Zara web can suggest best-seller in season or complementary product accord with items based on current or previous buying. Moreover, it also should advise several garments in similar style in accordance with purchase history. It allows Zara to deliver trust built from one merchandise area to another consequently maximizing possibility of cross-buying and rising sales. Improving distribution system As one of main variables to restrain internet retailing development, order fulfillment is considered as an obstacle to expand electronic market. Additionally, distribution expenses and efficiency are regarded as factors which influence shopping decision. Actually, Zara indeed has set few policies in this area before. Besides those previous measures, Zara can recruit specialist and build logistics system to supervise online order, inventory management, and goods distribution. During the process, staff should check every order and deliver merchandise as soon as possible. This efficient distribution system not only helps Zara to satisfy current consumer, but also strengthen own competitiveness compared to other online rivals. Offering good consumer service The quality of online buying process affects consumer purchase decision, satisfaction and loyalty (Zeitham et. al. , 2002 and Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2003). Like other retailing approaches, transaction disputes happen inevitably across online shopping process, which mainly contains unpunctual order arrival, unqualified products and payment problem. To be competitive, sellers are not only required to supply high-class merchandise, but also offer a pleasant shopping experience via superior service to ensure whole process is responsive and convenient for consumers (Lqbal, et. al. , 2003). Therefore, it is necessary to improve relationship between buyers and sellers by improving consumer service. For this purpose, Zara should arrange personnel to answer questions before purchase, help consumer to complete complex transaction during purchase, and optimize after-sales service, especially respond or deal with consumer complains. For example, the website retailer can retrieve personal account information which is then automatically store in personal account of consumer for the sake of facilitating consumer to review past searching or purchase and track order in shipment. Favorable shopping experience should increase repeat purchase behaviour to some degree. Managing customer relationship In the highly competitive virtual marketplace where cost of retaining a customer is lower than recruiting a new one, relationship marketing take on an added importance. Zara can communicate with existing customers to advertise online, show updated products, and inform new promotions. For example, the website supplies the alternative of receiving reminder of special events or message about new arrivals. If complete payments, consumer will receive homologues voucher which can be used in next transaction automatically. Apparently, this act is available to increase repeat purchase, build customer loyalty and at least retain current market share. 3. Conclusion This article mainly discusses retailing marketing concepts which is contained in news as appendix. On the on hand, the essay explains the rationale why Zara launched online retailing store, which contains inherent superiority of online store and appropriate environment. On the other hand, writer proposes several recommendations, including merchandise assortment supply, distribution efficiency rise, consumer service improvement and customer relationship management. As predicted, with improvement in web retailing and economic resurgence, Zara’s virtual retailing will boom; and hence Zara will adjust current economic growth pattern to flourishing online marketplace. Furthermore, thanks to stimulate from success of several giants in virtual market, fast fashion industry will recombine resource allocation at a certain extent. The group already sells a home range online, but its revamped website will offer fashion lines which have only been available in its stores until now. The push into cyberspace is seen as a defensive move that comes amid fears of a decline in High Street spending. HM will follow in the next fortnight; Gap began online sales for the first time outside the US last month. Consumer confidence is waning and many fear a further economic slowdown. Online fashion sales, meanwhile, are proving resilient. At rival Next, for instance, first-half sales in stores fell 1. 5%, while its home shopping business saw sales rise 7. 8%. Further strength in internet trading has been reported by Asos, the online market leader, which said sales rose 54% during the January-to-March quarter when compared with the same period a year earlier. Online growth Online retail sales have boomed as more people get high-speed internet connections and time-pressed shoppers take advantage of shopping from home or work, according to industry observers. Shopping on the net is expected to see sales grow to ? 94bn ($144 bn) in Western Europe by 2014, from ? 56bn in 2009, according to consultants Forrester. But online sales still only make up a small proportion of total sales. In the UK, only 8% of total sales in July were made online, according to the Office for National Statistics. Shops that dont have an online presence have noticed rival stores enjoying a dramatic increase in online sales, while their sales in shops have been pretty flat, according to Jeremy Baker, professor of marketing at the ESCP business school. Complement to existing stores Zaras online shop will soon be followed by HMs online shop, which will go live on 16 September. Gap and Banana Republic are already there, having opened their online operations outside the US for the first time, on 26 August. Online stores add to rather than cannibalize physical stores, hence they tend to bring in additional sales, according to industry observers. There is clearly demand for Zara product online, said Simon Chinn, retail consultant at Verdict Research. It will comfortably complement its extensive store estate, adding an extra level of service for its customers. Rapid growth Online retail sales are set to double in next three years Zara is liked by more than 4. 5 million people who have signed up as fans on Facebook. The key now is to convert those fans into customers. Inditex, Zaras parent company, has overtaken Gap as the worlds biggest clothing retailer by sales. Inditex chief executive, Pablo Isla, said: Customers should expect the launching of online selling for the groups other brands in coming years. The success of retailers such as the dedicated online fashion site Asos hints at how rapid the migration of sales from traditional stores to the internet is, especially among the 18-34 age group. Zara made a small profit in the year to the end of January 2010, after recording a sharp loss during the previous year. It is hoping to see a 10% rise in revenue linked to its online store.

French Nouns With Two Genders

French Nouns With Two Genders The gender of French nouns tends to be a sticky grammar point for students, especially when it does not exist in their mother tongue. Although getting the gender right is very important, most of the time the wrong gender will not hinder your ability to understand or to communicate in French, because most words have a single gender. For example, un bureau (desk) is masculine and une chaise (chair) is feminine. Saying une bureau or un chaise is incorrect, but still understandable. Other words have two different forms for masculine and feminine versions ( un avocat/une avocate, un acteur/une actrice) or a single form that refers to a man or a woman depending on which article is used ( un touriste/une touriste, un artiste/une artiste). However, there are a number of French nouns which are identical in pronunciation (and often spelling as well) but which have different meanings depending on whether they are masculine or feminine. Probably a good idea to memorize this list. Aide un aide - male assistant une aide - help, assistance, female assistant Air/Aire un air - air, look, aria une aire - area, zone, eyrie Aller/Allà ©e un aller - one-way trip une allà ©e - avenue, path, aisle Auteur/Hauteur un auteur - author une hauteur - height Bal/Balle le bal - dance la balle - ball (sports) Bar/Barre le bar - bar/pub, bass (fish) la barre - bar/rod, barre, helm Barbe/Barbes le barbe - barb la barbe - beard les barbes (f) - ragged edge Barde le barde - bard (poet) la barde - bard (armor for a horse, fat wrapped around meat) Basilic/Basilique le basilic - basil, basilisk la basilique - basilica Basque le basque - Basque language la basque - tails (of a jacket) Boum le boum - bang, explosion, (fam) success la boum - (inf) party Bout/Boue le bout - tip, end la boue - mud Bugle le bugle - bugle la bugle - bugleweed But/Butte le but - aim, goal, purpose la butte - hillock, mound Cache le cache - card/mask (for hiding s.t.) la cache - cache, hiding place Capital/Capitale le capital - capital, money la capitale - capital city, capital letter Carpe le carpe - carpus la carpe - carp Cartouche le cartouche - (archeology) cartouche la cartouche - cartridge, carton Casse le casse - break-in, robber la casse - breaking, damage, breakages Cave le cave - (familiar) idiot, sucker la cave - basement, cellar Central/Centrale le central - center court, (telephone) exchange la centrale - station, plant, group Cerf/Serre le cerf - stag la serre - greenhouse Champagne le champagne - champagne la Champagne - Champagne region Chà ªne/Chaà ®ne le chà ªne - oak tree/wood la chaà ®ne - chain, channel, stereo Chà ¨vre le chà ¨vre - goat cheese la chà ¨vre - goat Chine le chine - china, rice paper la chine - second-hand / used trade la Chine - China Chose le chose - thingie, contraption la chose - thing Claque le claque - opera hat, (familiar) brothel la claque - slap Coche le coche - stagecoach la coche - check mark, tick (on a form) Col/Colle le col - collar, neck la colle - glue Coq/Coque le coq - rooster la coque - hull, fuselage, cockle Cours/Court/Cour le cours - class le court - (tennis) court la cour - courtyard, court of law Crà ¨me le crà ¨me - coffee with cream la crà ¨me - cream Crà ªpe le crà ªpe - crepe material la crà ªpe - thin pancake Cric/Crique le cric - jack la crique - creek, inlet Critique le critique - male critic la critique - criticism, review, female critic Diesel le diesel - diesel fuel la diesel - diesel automobile Enseigne un enseigne - ensign (rank) une enseigne - sign, ensign (flag, banner) Espace un espace - space, room une espace - printing space une Espace - car model from Renault Fait/Faà ®te/Fà ªte le fait - fact le faà ®te - summit, rooftop la fà ªte - party Faune le faune - faun la faune - fauna Faux le faux - fake, forgery, falsehood la faux - scythe Fil/File le fil - thread, yarn, string la file - line, queue Finale le finale - finale (music) la finale - final (sports) Foie/Foi/Fois le foie - liver la foi - faith une fois - once, one time Foret/Forà ªt le foret - drill bit la forà ªt - forest Foudre le foudre - (ironic) leader, large cask la foudre - lightning Garde le garde - guard, warden, keeper la garde - guard duty, custody, private nurse Gà ¨ne/Gà ªne le gà ¨ne - gene la gà ªne - trouble, bother, embarrassment Geste le geste - gesture la geste - gest, epic poem Gà ®te le gà ®te - shelter, cottage; bottom round (meat) la gà ®te - list, inclination of a ship Greffe le greffe - court clerks office la greffe - transplant, graft Guide/Guides le guide - guide (book, tour) la guide - girl scout/guide les guides (f) - reins Icone/Icà ´ne un icone - icon (computer) une icà ´ne - icon (art, celebrity) Interligne un interligne - space (typography) une interligne - lead (typography) Jars/Jarre le jars - gander la jarre - jar Kermà ¨s/Kermesse le kermà ¨s - scale insect, kermes (tree) la kermesse - fair, bazaar, charity party Krach/Craque le krach - stock market crash la craque - (familiar) whopping lie Lac/Laque le lac - lake la laque - lacquer, shellac, hairspray Là ©gume le là ©gume - vegetable la grosse là ©gume (informal) - big shot Lieu/Lieue le lieu - place la lieue - league Livre le livre - book la livre - pound (currency and weight) Maire/Mer/Mà ¨re le maire - mayor la mer - sea la mà ¨re - mother Mal/Mà ¢le/Malle le mal - evil le mà ¢le - male la malle - trunk Manche le manche - handle la manche - sleeve la Manche - English Channel ManÅ“uvre le manÅ“uvre - laborer la manÅ“uvre - maneuver, operation Manille le manille - Manila cigar, Manila hat la manille - (card game) manille; Manille shackle Manque le manque - lack, shortage, fault la manque - (familiar) crummy, second-rate Mari le mari - husband la mari - marijuana (apocope of la marijuana) Marie - feminine name Martyr/Martyre le martyr - male martyr le martyre - martyrdom, agony la martyre - female martyr Marue/Mors le Maure - Moor le mors - bit (horse-riding) Mort le mort - dead body la mort - death Mauve le mauve - mauve la mauve - mallow plant Mec/Mecque le mec (informal) - guy, bloke la Mecque - Mecca Mà ©got le mà ©got - cigarette butt la mà ©got - cigarette Mà ©moire le mà ©moire - memo, report, memoirs la mà ©moire - memory Merci le merci - thanks la merci - mercy Mi/Mie le mi - mi (musical note E) la mie - soft part of bread Mi-Temps le mi-temps   - (work) part-time la mi-temps - (sports) half, half-time Micro-Onde le micro-onde - microwave oven la micro-onde - microwave (electromagnetic radiation) Mite/Mythe le mite - moth la mythe - myth Mode le mode - method, way, mood la mode - fashion Moral/Morale le moral - morale la morale - moral (of a story), morals Mou/Moue le mou - softness la moue - pout Moule le moule - mold la moule - mussel Mousse le mousse - ships boy (apprentice) la mousse - moss, froth, foam, mousse Mur/Mà »re le mur - wall la mà »re - blackberry Nocturne le nocturne - night hunter (bird), nocturn (religion), nocturne (music, art) la nocturne - late night store opening, sports match, meeting Å“uvre un Å“uvre - body of work une Å“uvre - piece of work, task Office un office - office, bureau une office - pantry Ombre un ombre - grayling (fish) une ombre - shade, shadow Orange orange (m) - orange (color) une orange - orange (fruit) Page le page - page boy la page - page (of a book) Pair/Pà ¨re/Paire le pair - peer le pà ¨re - father la paire - pair Pà ¢ques/Pà ¢que Pà ¢ques (m) - Easter la pà ¢que - Passover les Pà ¢ques (f) - Easter Parallà ¨le le parallà ¨le - parallel (figurative) la parallà ¨le - parallel line Pendule le pendule - pendulum la pendule - clock Personne personne (m) - (negative pronoun) no one la personne - person Pet/Paie/Paix le pet - (familiar) fart la paie - pay la paix - peace Physique le physique - physique, face la physique - physics Plastique le plastique - plastic la plastique - modeling arts, body shape Platine le platine - platinum la platine - turntable, deck, strip of metal Poche le poche - paperback book la poche - pocket, pouch Poà ªle le poà ªle - stove la poà ªle - frying pan Poids/Pois/Poix le poids - weight le pois - pea, dot la poix - pitch, tar Poignet/Poignà ©e le poignet - wrist, (shirt) cuff la poignà ©e - handful, fistful; handle Poison le poison - poison, (informal) unpleasant man or boy la poison - (informal) unpleasant woman or girl Politique le politique - politician la politique - politics, policy Ponte le ponte - (informal) big shot la ponte - laying eggs, clutch of eggs Poste le poste - job, post, tv/radio set la poste - post office, mail/post Pot/Peau le pot - jar, pot, tin, can la peau - skin Pub le pub - pub/bar la pub - ad (apocope of publicità ©) Pupille le pupille - male ward la pupille - pupil (eye), female ward Rade le rade (slang) - bar, bistro la rade - harbor Radio le radio - radio operator la radio - radio, X ray Rai/Raie le rai - spoke (wheel) la raie - line, furrow, scratch (fish) skate, ray Rà ©clame le rà ©clame - (falconry) the cry to recall the bird la rà ©clame - publicity; en rà ©clame - on sale Relà ¢che le relà ¢che - rest, respite, break** la relà ¢che - rest, respite, break**, port of call**For these meanings, relà ¢che can be masculine or feminine. Renne/Reine/Rà ªne le renne - reindeer la reine - queen la rà ªne - rein Rà ªve/Rave le rà ªve - dream la rave - rave party (but not rave meaning turnip, which is pronounced differently) Rose le rose - pink (color) la rose - rose (flower) Roux/Roue le roux - red, redhead, roux (soup base) la roue - wheel Secrà ©taire le secrà ©taire - male secretary, writing desk, secretary la secrà ©taire - female secretary Sel/Selle le sel - salt la selle - saddle Soi/Soie le soi - self, id la soie - silk Sol/Sole le sol - ground, floor, soil la sole - sole (fish) Solde le solde - balance (account), sale la solde - pay Somme le somme - snooze, nap la somme - sum, amount Souris le souris - smile (archaic) la souris - mouse Tic/Tique le tic - tic, twitch la tique - tick Tour le tour - tour, turn, trick la tour - tower, rook (chess) Tout/Toux le tout - whole la toux - cough Trompette le trompette - trumpeter la trompette - trumpet Vague le vague - vagueness la vague - wave Vapeur le vapeur - steamer la vapeur - steam, haze, vapor Vase le vase - vase la vase - silt, mud Vigile le vigile - night watchman la vigile - vigil Visa le visa - visa (to enter a country) la visa - Visa (credit card) Voile le voile - veil la voile - sail

Natural Law and Legal Positivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Natural Law and Legal Positivism - Essay Example Natural law applies to theories of ethics, politics, civil law, and theories of religious morality. Natural law as it applies to the theories of ethics, seeks to establish a definition for features of moral theory as nature dictates them. However, natural law theory does not recount on the history of the natural law development thought. Natural law theory finds its definition in ethics (Murphy 654). Any moral theory that relates to the natural law theory belongs to Aquinas. Every ethics analogy that includes material on natural law theory is definitely by Aquinas. It is therefore arguable that Aquinas natural law theory is the centre stage of a natural law position. The theory of natural law ascribes the origin of law to the supreme God. Natural law is a divine providence that originates from God himself. Natural law is therefore part of the theory of divine providence. At the point of view of human role as a recipient of this God's provision, natural law is a product of the principles of practical rationality (Waluchow 179). These are the principles that set judgment of the human actions either as reasonable or as unreasonable. Natural law is a preeminent of the theory of practical rationality. Practicing natural law is a participation in the eternal law. Eternal law is the rational plan that presents the ordinance of all creation. Therefore, natural law attains its quality as law from this base. The practice of natural law binds naturally. To learn natural law does not call for human methods of instruction (Waluchow 179). Humans learn the precepts of natural law naturally. Natural law judges between good and evil, maintaining that, people should do only good things and avoid the evil ones at all cost. Natural law is unique in itself in that, it does not fall into the contemporary categories for moral theories. On interesting feature of natural law is that, it is hard to tell when an ethics analogy ceases to be a natural! Natural laws are intact and cannot be broken or enforced. On the other hand, legal positivism is the theory that maintains that the existence and the content of law depend sharply on the social facts but not on its merits (George 31). The theory does not state that the law's merits are incomprehensible, insignificant, or marginal to the philosophy of law. It rather discourages the thought that the law's merits can determine whether the law or legal systems exist. The impact of any law in any particular place depends on the social standards that are in recognition as authoritative by the officials of the law. For instance, if the legislature enacts, judicial system decide, or social customs declare an act to be a law, then it becomes a law. According to legal positivism, law is anything that the society in question posits. Therefore, law is a social construction. Law is a command of the sovereign under the support of the force (George 31). However, legal positivism is not a confinement of law. The statement that existence of law depends on facts rather than its merits is a thesis about the relation amid laws, facts and merits, but not a thesis about the individual relata (Waluchow 179). Legal positivism is unique in that, it is not contradictory to natural law's moral doctrines and objective morality set in human nature. In order to

Strengths and weaknesses of direct legislation Essay

Strengths and weaknesses of direct legislation - Essay Example Direct legislation is a political process in which the people can vote to effect changes in the socio-economic and political policies without governments say (Little and David 43). It entails referendum, Plebiscite and initiative. One of its strengths is that it helps in establishing policies that represents the desire of the majority. While political representatives can be influenced to sacrifice the people for vested interest, direct legislature ensure that limited external forces distract the electorate from participating in their course. One of the greatest weaknesses of this system is that it is costly and time consuming as civil education needs to be done. It is also vulnerable to indirect political influence as the voters may be induced to take misinformed decision. A comparative analysis of this legislature and professional legislature shows significant differences in terms of cost, staff size and level of commitment. In professional legislature, a member takes the work as fu ll time job. It differs from civilian legislature in which members serve on part time basis while holding other assignments (Little and David 67). Professional legislature investigates critical issues affecting the society and put them within the political debate process. It is comparative cheaper than direct legislature as it requires little time and faster decision making. Although some States in United States use either direct legislature or professional, hybrid is the best in which is a blend of the two are variably used.

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Leadership - Assignment Example Leadership is accompanied by several goals as stated below; There are several leadership styles, Leadership is less regarding your personal needs, and more concerning the needs of the individuals and the association you are governing or leading. These Leadership styles are not things to be tried out on like lots of suits, to observe which fits. somewhat, they should be tailored to the meticulous demands of the state of affairs, the particular necessities of the people concerned and the meticulous challenges in front of the association. Democratic is my best style of leadership (Monopoli, 2013). This style draws on individual’s knowledge as well as skills, and creates a cluster commitment to the consequential goals. It works finest when the course which the association should take is indistinct, and the leader wishes to tap the combined wisdom of the cluster. I like using democratic style of leadership most of the time because it always the best when compared to the others.

Collection of Film Review Examples

Collection of Film Review Examples Shane Meadows is known to make movies about his own experiences. This is England is no exception. The idea for the movie came from the director s childhood, and it is the most personal film Shane Meadows has made so far, as he said himself. In an interview at the British Film Institutes Southbank theatre in April, Meadows talked about his upbringing. Yeah, every moment of joy in my life usually stunk of sadness. Every time I was just about to get somewhere someone stuck a dart up my arse. Thats how I remember growing up in Uttoxeter. When things were at their shittest, people seemed to be at their best and when things were at their best, people seemed to be at their worst The film starts with a sequence of clips, introducing the viewer to England in 1983. When watching the intro, I got the feeling I am about to see some kind of documentary, due to the footage being shown. The mise en scene is outstanding in this piece C to be perfectly honest, I was silly enough to believe it was actually shot in 1983 in the beginning, which makes me extremely embarrassed. The careful casting, costumes, sets and props makes it hard to believe the film was actually shot in 2006, which makes the story much more believable and easier to get into. The piece is put together extremely well and the soundtrack comprises of the hits from the eighties, which sets the mood perfectly. The main character is alone in the beginning C he doesnt really have friends, he is being bullied at school, he gets in a fight with a boy, who makes fun of his dead father. Although the movie talks about some really serious issues like gang culture and racism, lack of jobs and immigration, it still manages to make you smile, like the bit when Shaun comes back home to his mother and complains about his trousers. This way not only are you amused and it takes off the depressing mood in the movie, but it also feels more real, less movie-like. The movie is a typical coming-of-age sort of piece, where the main protagonist changes and matures as the story unfolds. His story basically starts when he crosses paths with skinheads and discovers belonging to a group makes things easier. They go out hunting together, and this comes from a real story of the director s childhood. The group he joins is relatively harmless C compared to what lies ahead. The good days don t last long C soon enough, Combo comes back from prison and steps up as the leader of the group. There is a feeling of tension building and although we see Shaun developing attachment to Combo, who is now like the father figure the boy never had, there is a strong feeling something will go seriously wrong. Soon everything goes from a group of youngsters, fooling around, to Shaun attending a National Front meeting. For me, a person, who isn t too political, this movie is also educating C seeing what life and politics were like in 1983. In the movie we see Shaun becoming a man in a very short period of time. A very important scene in This is England is when Shaun gets his cross tattoo. The director, Shane Meadows, has the exact same tattoo on the same finger. This marks Shaun, as a worthy member of the Skinheads, who agrees to stay in the group for the rest of his life. Although Shaun is now Combos protegee   and receives his undivided attention, we see that his relationship is starting to become dangerous and Combo is a bad influence on the young boy. Silly hunting games that Shaun used to play with the previous skinhead group turn into real acts of violence in Combo s. It must be noted that the performance by Stephen Graham, who plays Combo, is simply astonishing C when the group robs the shop, the intimidation and hatred he created were so real and believable, for one moment there I got into the action so much, I was scared for the shop owner s life, only to realize it s just an actor. In my opinion, Combo is just as important as Shaun, because the complexity of Combo s character is what drives the story. One second he is talking to Milky with respect and treating him like a brother, the other, he bursts out and beats him to death, which shows Shaun the real face of his beloved idol, when the latter unleashes his fury even upon his close friends. The piece ends with a reference to 400 blows , which is another coming-of-age film. The main character Shaun runs to the sea, which is considered to be a symbol of freedom and throws the England flag into the water, freeing himself and making clear that he is not coming back to the group. The last shot, exactly like in 400 blows , is him, looking up at the camera, making a connection with a viewer. After all, this is exactly what Shane Meadows intended to do in the first place. Pierrot Le Fou by Jean-Luc Godard Jean-Luc Godard Jean-Luc Godard always said that he doesn t really plan his movies too carefully, and he does not intentionally leave any secret messages in them. It is all up to the viewer, to make what he or she wants of it. After watching it I think Pierrot Le Fou is one of those films that you either hate or love and it is definitely not for everyone C the plot here can be confusing sometimes and the main characters hard to understand. Also, there are references to Vietnam War, which I didn t even notice and thought it was another random element of the main characters fooling around. The movie is about Ferdinand and Marianne, a complicated couple who decide to run away together. They find each other, two misfits, and realize they want to isolate themselves from the fake reality they live in. This is really well portrayed in the beginning of the movie. We see Ferdinand in a party, which looks a lot like a parody for TV commercials. The guests are talking about different products in such manner you would expect to find in a commercial. The effect of it all being fake and distant to Ferdinand is also strengthened with experimental lighting. I think one of the most brilliant scenes in the movie is at the same party, when Ferdinand meets a movie director and talks about cinema with him. This is obviously self-referential, but it was also brilliant to observe the misconnection between the two of them, because of the language barrier. The funny thing is, when Ferdinand asks the American director what is cinema, although the woman translates the sentence completely wrong, asking about his movie, not cinema in general, his answer, in my opinion, is exactly right. It is a battleground. It is love. Hate. Action. Violence and death. One word C emotions. This conversation, that might not leave a big impression on the others, left me in awe of the script-writing for Pierrot Le Fou . Another thing that I realized is the lighting changing, when he moves on from the TV-ad conversation to the American director. It goes from red, which is usually considered a colour of danger, alarm, awareness to green, which is soothing, nature-like. It is another way of the director showing that Ferdinand is very interested and comfortable talking about the arts. The colour scheme in Pierrot le Fou is very important; I would say that at some points the colours even tell the story better than the action. I noticed two leading colours, which represent the main characters C red and blue. Blue is Ferdinand s colour C he is often shot next to the blue sky, or the sea, he drives a blue car and even paints his face blue, before committing suicide. I think the blue also represents his character, quite calm, relaxed, and even cold sometimes. Red, on the other hand, is the complete opposite and it is the colour of Marianne C she drives a red car, wears red clothes, and is simply a vivid, energetic character. Another important colour in the film is yellow, which is represents jealousy and betrayal. Toward the end of the movie, we see the exchange of the colours C Ferdinand s head, wrapped in a red scarf, when being tortured; symbolizing the fact that it s all happening because of his relationship with Marianne. Also, the couple exchanging cars and Ferdinand starting to wear a bright red shirt. When Ferdinand and Marianne separate, after Marianne taking the briefcase with her, we notice yellow flowers in the background. When Ferdinand approaches the dock, where Marianne is leaving on a boat, with her new lover, on his way there, red and yellow are dominating in the background. Ferdinand reaches the dock, where a single yellow barrel is standing, as he watches the woman he loves running away with another man. The next shot of him is approaching a man sitting the ground, singing. We now see yellow taking over, as it is seen, as Ferdinand walks with his head down. When he is on the boat, in the front there is a big yellow box, as if it was telling us that jealousy is driving him to the island. Ferdinand is walking through a field and singing Do you love me at the same time as he passes yellow flowers. The yellow starts to dominate again, as he approaches and shoots Marianne. The climax of this is Ferdinand s suicide, when he is wearing the red shirt, painting his face blue, and wrapping himself with red and yellow dynamite, which represents Marianne s betrayal. Pierrot Le Fou is definitely now one of my favourite films of all time, and has so many different sides to it, that to decode the whole piece would take me an eternity, but I guess that is one of the reasons why I fell in love with it. Meshes of the Afternoon by Maya Deren Although I am not a big fan of surrealism, Maya Deren s film had much more meaning to me, than Dali s and Bunuel s work. Meshes of the Afternoon , in my opinion, was less random, more carefully set and the symbols carefully picked to convey a message. It s a movie about a woman s state of mind, her dream world and her reality mixing together in the end. This film, just like many surrealism films, is an experience C you cannot watch it like you would watch a drama or a comedy. You could call it brain exercise, if you wish. Throughout the film there are a lot of symbols and the randomness at first might seem pointless, but the production is made really carefully. The film starts with a flower, put in the middle of the road by a long female hand. We instantly realize this is not going to be an ordinary movie C both time and space are distorted C the hand comes from nowhere, and suddenly disappears. The flower, of course, symbolizes beauty, love and femininity. Soon after this we see a woman picking up the flower, which indicates it is a piece about her and her place, as a woman. The fact we do not see the main character s face, creates tension and curiosity about her intentions. As she tries to open the door, she loses the key and it falls all the way down the stairs. To me the key probably symbolizes answers, freedom and solutions. She enters the house and sees things scattered all over the place C newspapers, a knife and a telephone. Once again, I can only interpret it in my own way C a knife is an obvious danger, also a possible symbol of a phallus. A telephone is probably a representation of the main character s connection, in this case C with herself. When she goes upstairs, she sees a window open, which also can be interpreted as a symbol of freedom and escape. She notices a record player working, but not making any noise. I cannot really explain why, but to me the record player symbolizes her own life C it is playing, but there is no music, no purpose, so she turns it off. Maya Deren keeps jumping from one place to another C just like it would be in a dream. As we see the world through her eyes, she turns her head and finds herself in a whole different room. This is all done to disrupt any feeling of order and continuity. When she falls asleep, in her dreams, we see the cloaked figure for the first time. After seeing the whole movie I can only interpret it as the symbol of death, the Grim Reaper. This creature has a mirror for a face and it makes me wonder whether the main character is following it, because she is desperate to look at the mirror and see her true self. The cloaked figure is moving really slowly and the main character is running, but she cannot get even close to catching up with it. This represents her conflicted persona and the difficult state her mind is in. When she comes back to the house once again, the knife is now on the stairway, in her way, indicating that it is unavoidable that she uses it. After this we have a sequence of shots, which adds to the feeling of a dream C slow motion of her footsteps, tilted camera angles as she climbs up the stairs. Once again, the feeling of continuity is disrupted, as she enters the room through the window. The main character discovers the telephone and the knife on the bed, which creates a feeling of unavoidable danger. She goes back to the window and it seems like there is no gravity, a quite common dream that probably most of us have. The main character now looks down and sees herself sleeping in the armchair, with the record player by her side and turns it off again. The circle begins again, as she approaches the window and sees herself running. This creates a feeling of her being trapped in a vicious circle, with no chance to change it. She then opens her mouth and takes out the key, which to me symbolizes coming up with a solution to her suffering. The cloaked figure is now in the house and we get the feeling that death is coming for the main character. When the cloaked figure disappears, the main character finds the knife again, but this time she doesn t look scared at all C she looks like is now at peace with the fact she is about to die. The key appears in her mouth again and transforms into a knife, which clearly symbolizes that death in the answer. The three representations of the main character now gather around a table and play a bizarre surrealistic game, where they find out who will have to be the killer. The chosen one is now wearing strange glasses, which to me feels like a symbol of her, not seeing clearly. I found it quite fascinating, when the killer walks towards the sleeping woman and the surroundings change with each step C it starts out with a beach, then she steps on grass, then sidewalk and then finally C onto the carpet in the house. This, I think, represents the journey you have to make, when deciding to kill yourself. It is probably the hardest thing you could ever do and the steps represent exactly that. As the main character wakes up, the killer in the dream turns into her lover in reality, but we see the symbols from the dream around the room and the two start to mix together. The main character s lover is acting exactly like the cloaked figure and we realize the main character is blaming all her problems on him. As she breaks the mirror that appears to be her lover s face, we see the sea behind it, which is widely interpreted as a symbol of freedom. When her lover enters the house, we see the main character covered in mirror shards, dead. The mirror represents finally breaking free. All about my mother by Pedro Almodovar To Bette Davis, Gena Rowlands, Romy Schneider to all actresses who have played actresses, to all women who act, to all men who act and become women, to all the people who want to be mothers. To my mother. Dedication, All About My Mother, 1999 Pedro Almodovar is one of the most successful and well known Spanish directors of all time. He is famous for his movies, where he tries to explore the nature of being a woman. His movies, although quite complicated, almost always have a big international success and are being shown in cinemas all over the world. You could say this one is a chick-flick for the more intellectual woman. All about my mother is another film about women suffering, with many characters and different stories, intertwining and showing different sides of womanhood. It is also worth mentioning that almost all the cast is female in this piece. This particular film declares that to be a woman you do not have to be born one, so we get characters like Lola and Agrado, who are transvestites. Almodovar always liked complicated stories and although he tries to make it as real as possible, the lives of the characters sometimes seem so dark, it made me question whether there is actually too much drama involved. The film begins with mother and a son, Esteban and Manuela. I got the impression in the beginning that the story will revolve around Esteban, his wish to become a writer and the story he began to write about his mother. This illusion was soon shattered, when Esteban died after being hit by a car. The shot of him, lying on the ground for me was probably the most impressive shot in the film C the camera takes Esteban s POV and spins around, before falling to the ground. We see his mother approaching Esteban is slow motion, her coat red, the colour of blood and taking the camera, Esteban s head, into her palms. As she screams and lets go, the camera slowly moves back to the ground. This way of showing the tragedy that happened adds to the drama so much more than a normal two-shot ever would. Manuela, who works as a transplant coordinator, is the one who has to give the consent to donor her boy s heart this time. Searching for some kind of closure, she secretly follows the recipient after the operation. This crushes her completely and she decides to go to Barcelona, where she used to live with the boy s father, who is a mystery to the viewer so far. The focus from then on turns to the main character s relationships with other women she meets, her road to self-discovery and opening up once again. The different characters is what makes this movie interesting to watch. Although for the most part, it focuses on Manuela, we get a good glimpse at the lives of other women that surround her. This film, although so complicated and melodramatic, resembles real life as well C it makes us cry and laugh with the women who are in it. Manuela, who loses her son, discovers she can deal with her grief helping others C she becomes a personal assistant to actress Huma, who is going through an emotional crisis, rescues Agrado from an enraged client and helps pregnant nun Rosa through her pregnancy. Film references are very important in this piece as well C it begins with the mother and son watching All about Eve , which resembles the film s name and gives Esteban the idea how to call his work. Another significant film that is constantly brought up is A streetcar named desire . The main character, Manuela once played Stella in a drama group, when she was younger and this piece holds a special meaning to her, since she also met Esteban s father there, who played Kowalski. After so many years, due to the original actress not being able to perform, Manuela has to play Stella s part once again. This, for me, is a key point in the story, when the main character lets go and releases her pain. I found it interesting, because by acting, and pretending to be somebody else, she could finally be herself and cry out loud. The colour scheme in the movie is quite controversial and has been criticized numerous times for overshadowing the actual story. Just like in Pierrot Le Fou we see red, blue and yellow dominating, but the two movies are so different, it makes you wonder whether the colour scheme is appropriate in All about my mother . In my opinion, the colours are completely suitable and well thought out, because in a way they represent the colourful life and characters of the women in the film and by losing the colours the film would lose a bit of it s soul as well. Overall, I enjoyed watching All about my mother C Pedro Almodovar is one of the directors who really tries to understand women and what it s like to be one. I found the film really emotional and touching, Almodovar knows how to create a bond between a character and a viewer, so you end up really involved with the story and the destinies that these women have as well as getting to know individuals like Agrado and Lola who to some viewers might be a mystery and really hard to understand. The 400 Blows by Francois Truffaut The 400 Blows is a very important film, which started the French New Wave. It introduced another level of cinematic experience through cinematography, acting and much more naturalistic look and feel to the movie, which, for today s viewer, might be really hard to imagine. The camera in The 400 Blows moves around much more freely and more smoothly, and besides recording, starts to tell the story with it s movement as well. Different angles and camera positions are introduced. Antoine Doinel seems like an ordinary boy, who seems to get in trouble wherever he goes, his teacher constantly punishes him for the slightest mischief, his mother disregards him as simply being a waste of space and the beginning of his teenage years is proving to be a real hassle for young Antoine. He soon finds out his mother is having an affair, but we can see the boy is not bothered at all C he is much more concerned whether he ll get in trouble for skipping school. Later that day when his father comes back home and announces that the mother won t be joining them for dinner, it seems that Antoine is hoping that she will never come back, when he asks the father if she has left for good. This establishes the fact that the relationship between Antoine and his mother is less than perfect. For myself, it was hard to watch how the adults treat Antoine; it seems there is nobody at all, when it comes to adults, who understand him. He sleeps on his tiny bed, lonely, disposable, like the trash he has to take out every night. Although Antoine is disregarded as hopeless and simply ungifted he, as many children of his age, is simply starting to question the system and the fact he does not perform well in class certainly does not mean he is not capable. This film serves parents who find it hard to understand their children, because we get a glimpse of how hard it sometimes is to be a teenager C parents seem to forget it. It is much like a documentary in a sense that we observe Antoine, an ordinary boy and his transformation to a young man, as well as the work of camera being hand-held. For a short time in the movie, seems like the family has come back together and Antoine does not feel isolated anymore, but after failing yet another paper in class, he runs away once again and stays with his friend. I think one of the most important scenes in the film, since it represents French New Wave, is the scene where small children are watching Little Red Riding Hood . Their expressions, reactions to the play are so genuine and lack that over the top acting, that the viewers who sat in the cinema theatre, watching the movie in 1959 should have been fascinated. And they were, since the cinema was never the same again. The main actor s Jean-Pierre Leaud s performance in the scene where Antoine is being questioned by the psychologist once again brings me back to think of this film as a documentary C the acting is extremely believable and it is hard to tell yourself that it is a character, not a real person in front of you. The most famous scene of the film, of course, is the scene where Antoine runs away from the Juvenile Detention Centre. There are two extremely long tracking shots, that break the conventions of cinema and stay with the subject for much longer than usual, but this is exactly what fascinates the viewer. His run symbolizes his long and constant search for freedom, and his desperate wish to be acknowledged. His last look at the camera to me looked like he was thinking And what do I do now..? This last shot has been widely interpreted, but to me it feels like he has reached the sea, but he cannot escape from himself. When watching this film, I thought about how lucky I was to have a childhood, and that many kids grow up all too soon. My mother used to say that you can tell if a person was loved, when they were little. This all applies to Antoine C he grows up too soon, due to the time he lives in, his parents not caring enough, the educating system failing to acknowledge his efforts to study and him wanting to be noticed, even if it s for misbehaving. Even to this day, The 400 Blows is a remarkable film, which has and still is influencing many directors.

Psychology Resilience Paper Essay

â€Å"Our history does not determine our destiny,† stated Boris Cyrulnik, author of Resilience: How Your Inner Strength Can Set You Free From the Past. Resilience can come from many places in a person, but when looking at the nature versus nurture perspective, it is nature that most strongly determines how resilient a person will be, and not based quite as much upon how they were nurtured. As Cyrulnik said, it is not our history, in other words, not how we’ve been previously nurtured, that determines what we will become, or how resilient we will be in times of trial. Before discussing the idea of how nature applies to the idea of resilience, it is important to first understand what resilience is. Cyrulnik defined this word as such: â€Å"The ability to succeed, to live in a positive and socially acceptable way, despite the stress or adversity that would normally involve the real possibility of a negative outcome. † (Cyrulnik, 1999. ) this means that when a person goes through a hardship in their life, they continue to live normally instead of allowing it to affect their lives in a bad way. One important point that the textbook Invitation to Lifespan Psychology brought up was that â€Å"adversity must be significant† in order for a person to be considered resilient. (Berger, 2010. ) therefore, when discussing resilience, the problem that a person has to overcome must be major/life-changing for it to be considered resilience when it is overcome. While nurture may have an impact on how resilient a person can be, it is their nature that truly determines this. Cyrulnik gave an example of how two hundred children were at â€Å"serious parental and social risk. † (Cyrulnik, 1999. Out of those 200 children, 130 of them had serious mental and emotion issues in their lives decades later. However, that left 70 children that went on to lead completely normal lives. If this were to be looked at from the perspective of nurture being the key role in how resilient a child will be, it hardly makes sense. All 200 of these kids were in the same abusive type lifestyles; they were all nurtured the same. If it were nurture that determined how resilient a child will be, then it should have been closer to 200 kids that ended up being greatly negatively impacted later in life. 5% of the kids went on to lead normal lives. They were not nurtured to do so. It was in their very nature to continue to lead a positively normal life, so how they were nurtured could not affect that. Studies have shown that the ability for a child to make friends and learn new things can impact how resilient a child is. Berger stated in Invitation to Lifespan Psychology: â€Å"Another key aspect of resilience is whether or not a stressed child can develop friends, activities, and skills. (Berger, 2010. ) The social skills of a person is strongly dependent on their genes. In a study covered by CNN, they stated: â€Å"People who have two â€Å"G† variants of this oxytocin receptor gene tend to have better social skills and higher self-esteem. † (CNN, 2011 â€Å"Is empathy in our genes? † Retrieved from http://www. cnn. com/2011/11/15/health/empathy-genes/index. html). This is important because, as Berger stated, the ability to make friends is a huge part of a child’s ability to become resilient. As CNN suggested, social skills are genetic, which leads to the idea that the ability to be resilient is linked to a person’s nature, and the better their genes are regarding social skills, the better the chance they have to become resilient. Not only are social skills hugely a part of the nature of a person, the need to interact with other people is deeply rooted in human nature. Cyrulnik gave the example of Michel, who spent three weeks in a camp during WWII after spending six months in hiding. (Cyrulnik, 1999. One might assume that a child would become very unhappy and depressed in a war camp, but Michel became thrilled, and felt as if he were at a party. This is because he had very little human interaction while he was in hiding, and he was finally able to interact with people when he was sent to the camp. He was resilient after his time in camp, able to move on with his life and not allow what happened to him to have a negative influence over his life. It was his human nature of needed contact with people and interaction that changed his whole perspective on his ordeal. He was nurtured well enough when in hiding, but he was miserable. It was his inborn nature that saved him because of the much-needed human interaction, which illustrated how it was his nature that was able to cause him to be resilient, and not the way that he was nurtured. Nurture will always impact people, but it is nature that impacts the lives and resilience of people the most. Cyrulnik describes multiple examples which help to illustrate this idea, such as the case of Michel. Resilience is what keeps people together when they have an intense struggle. Nature impacts the strength of that resilience.

Social Change

Sociology and Social change are not words that the average person thinks about on a daily basis. However, these are definitely two areas that effect society on a regularly. Chapter one of the textbook discusses these subjects. This chapter gives a detailed view of the kinds of change, levels of change, and causes of change. Although these are not things that are pondered upon, the information outlined in chapter one helps clarify why and how things change. It can be extremely difficult to read about or research a topic and not know exactly what it is.The first thing chapter one does is defines social change. The textbook’s definition of social change is â€Å"the significant alteration of social structure and cultural patterns through time. † In other words, it’s when there has been a big enough change in society and its actions over time to make an impact. This section also breaks down social structure as the interactions between people and groups that have beco me predictable. After explaining specifically what social change is, the chapter then goes into more detail.The next thing that it talks about is the kinds of change. There are five different kinds of change. The first is changes in personnel. This is the change where different individuals with their own unique pasts are constantly moving throughout social structures. Next is change in the way parts of the structure relate. This kind of change deals with the relationship roles, especially those in the family setting. The third kinds of change are changes in the function of the structures. This change is how and what is contributed to society.Although an establishment is created to fulfill one particular need, it may very well adapt to assist with additional needs. Fourth, the next kinds of change are the changes in relationships between different structures. This is how certain organization may adapt over time to fulfill the needs of society at the time. Lastly, there is the emergen ce of new structures. The next section discusses the levels of change. There are three levels discussed in this section; micro, macro, and societal.Micro level of change is the level of change that focuses on individuals and things that are of everyday concern to people. Macro level of change deals with society as a whole and how decisions are possibly formulated in society. Societal level of change is the changes that happen within the urbanized society. These changes take longer to occur and mostly affect choices between women and men, and marriage ideals. The section immediately following talks briefly about time frames of change.This segment gives a synopsis of short term and long term change. Short term change is normally more noticeable and obvious. Long term change is oftentimes harder to recognize and has a larger influence. The last big section of this chapter talks about the causes of change. This portion starts off by identifying the difference in consequences and change. It clarifies that there is a difference but also states that there is a correlation. The next cause of change can be external or internal. These are also known as exogenous and endogenous.External causes, as one assumes, are those beyond the control of one’s own power. Technology would be an example of external cause. Internal causes are those factors that happen naturally without any influence from outside forces. This section discussed three internal causes in particular. Those causes were the gap between the ideas that we share as society and the actual practices of society, the difference in what every individual learns and picks up in socialization, and the difference in the way individuals take on social roles and how they define them.Chapter one is a great introductory chapter to social change. Chapter one is a great way to start this textbook off in showing the world of sociology. Not only does it explain what social change is, it gives exact reasons as to why. From the kinds of change, to the time frame of change, it is all relevant as to why society has reached its current culture. As well as why we are the people of society and how our actions have evolved over time.

The Arab American Heritage Month

The Arab American Heritage Month Arab Americans and Americans of Middle Eastern heritage have a long history in the United States. They are U.S. military heroes, entertainers, politicians and scientists. They are Lebanese, Egyptian, Iraqi and more. Yet the representation of Arab Americans in the mainstream media tends to be quite limited. Arabs are typically featured on the news when Islam, hate crimes or terrorism are the topics at hand. Arab American Heritage Month, observed in April, marks a time to reflect on the contributions Arab Americans have made to the U.S. and the diverse group of people who make up the nation’s Middle Eastern population. Arab Immigration to the U.S. While Arab Americans are often stereotyped as perpetual foreigners in the United States, people of Middle Eastern descent first began to enter the country in significant numbers in the 1800s, a fact thats often revisited during Arab American Heritage Month. The first wave of Middle Eastern immigrants arrived in the U.S. circa 1875, according to America.gov. The second wave of such immigrants arrived after 1940. The Arab American Institute reports that by the 1960s, about 15,000 Middle Eastern immigrants from Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, and Iraq were settling in the U.S. on average each year. By the following decade, the annual number of Arab immigrants increased by several thousand due to the Lebanese civil war. Arab Americans in the 21st Century Today an estimated 4 million Arab Americans live in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated in 2000 that Lebanese Americans constitute the largest group of Arabs in the U.S. About one in four of all Arab Americans is Lebanese. The Lebanese are followed by Egyptians, Syrians, Palestinians, Jordanians, Moroccans, and Iraqis in numbers. Nearly half (46 percent) of the Arab Americans profiled by the Census Bureau in 2000 were born in the U.S. The Census Bureau also found that more men make up the Arab population in the U.S. than women and that most Arab Americans lived in households occupied by married couples. While the first Arab-American immigrants arrived in the 1800s, the Census Bureau found that nearly half of Arab Americans arrived in the U.S. in the 1990s. Regardless of these new arrivals, 75 percent of Arab Americans said that they spoke English very well or exclusively while at home. Arab Americans also tend to be more educated than the general population, with 41 percent having graduated from college compared to 24 percent of the general U.S. population in 2000. The higher levels of education obtained by Arab Americans explains why members of this population were more likely to work in professional jobs and earn more money than Americans generally. On the other hand, more Arab-American men than women were involved in the labor force and a higher number of Arab Americans (17 percent) than Americans generally (12 percent) were likely to live in poverty. Census Representation It’s difficult to get a complete picture of the Arab-American population for Arab American Heritage Month because the U.S. government has classified people of Middle Eastern descent as â€Å"white† since 1970. This has made it challenging to get an accurate count of Arab Americans in the U.S. and to determine how members of this population are faring economically, academically and so forth. The Arab American Institute has reportedly told its members to identify as â€Å"some other race† and then fill in their ethnicity. There’s also a movement to have the Census Bureau give the Middle Eastern population a unique category by the 2020 census. Aref Assaf supported this move in a column for the New Jersey Star-Ledger. â€Å"As Arab-Americans, we have long argued for the need to implement these changes,† he said. â€Å"We have long argued that current racial options available on the Census form produce a severe undercount of Arab Americans. The current Census form is only a ten question form, but the implications for our community are far-reaching†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 